Even From Its Humble Beginnings, The Internet Has Always Been A Battle

Even from it's humble beginnings, the Internet has always been a battlefield between phreaks and administrators Thesis: Even from it's humble beginnings, the Internet has always been a battlefield between phreaks and administrators. I. Introduction II. Background of the Internet A. Origins B. Growth 1. Colleges 2. Private Institutions C. Early Users D. Recent Changes 1. Easy Accessibility a. Online Services b. Public Dial-Ups 2. Resource Explosion III. Design A. No Central Hub B. Easy Additions 1. Little Discipline 2. Hard to Remove IV. Breaking In A. How to Do it B. Examples 1. Voice Mail Box 2. Kevin Lee Poulsen 3. Tonya Harding 4. Mark Abene V. Prevention A. CERT B. Newer Security Systems 1. Not Effective 2. Part of the Game VI. Conclusion The Internet is a wondrous place. Practically anything you could ever want is available on the Net. It's like a big city, it has the highly prestigious areas, and the sex-ridden slums. It has the upstanding citizens, and it has the criminals. On the Net, crime is more abundant than in a large city, though, mainly because of the difficulties in tracking and prosecuting offenders. Even from its beginnings, the Internet has always been a battlefield between phreaks and administrators. The Internet hasn't always been a public forum. In fact, the Internet has been around for years. The Internet is just a new fad ("The More I Learn" A1). The Internet originally began as DARPANET, a government-created network, which was designed for defense communications. The Net structure is such that it could survive a nuclear war ("Internet History"). The creation of the Net can not be blamed for the existence of hackers though, hackers are older than the Net itself, but the Net is the largest 'hacker haven' today (Spencer, "Hacking McDonalds" 6). The growth of the Net since its creation has been nothing less than astounding. In the 25-plus years since its creation, the Net now has over thirty million users using four million sites worldwide. Estimates rate the growth of the Net anywhere from ten to fifteen percent per month (Spencer, "Hacking McDonalds" 6). The Internet was first released to major universities in the United States of America. Since then, the universities have offered connections to small business, service providers, and even to the individual user. Sometimes these connections cost a fortune, and sometimes they can be obtained for free ("Internet History"). Although some of the original universities have dropped off the Net for various reasons, every major university in the United States, and now, most others in the world, have a connection to the Internet (Quittner 61). Although it isn't easy for an individual to get a direct connection to the Net, many private institutions are getting connections. This is mainly due to the fact that in order to support the very high speed of the Net, a fast computer is needed and a fast connection. A fast computer can cost in the tens of thousands of dollars, at least, and a fast connection can cost twenty thousand dollars or more, followed by a few thousand dollars a year. Individuals can still get on the Net through these private institutions. The private institution spoon-feeds the Net to the slower computers over their slower connection lines (Spencer, "Stranglehold" 8). The Internet began very high-class, due to the fact that only superintelligent college students and professors could access it. The discussions tended to stay intellectual, with very little, if any, disturbance ("Internet History"). However, relatively recent changes in the availability of the Net have changed that atmosphere. Now, almost anyone can access the Internet. Internet access is offered by every major online service (Himowitz A1). The fact that the major online services charge for their use keeps many people away from them. Those people simply turn to public dial-ups, which are free connections offered by universities that are available to the general public (Spencer, "Know Your Territory" 27). Because accessing the Net is easier, and a lot more people are doing it, naturally the amount of information on the Net is increasing at the same rate, if not faster. In what is often referred to by Net users as the Resource Explosion, the amount of information circulating the Internet has increased more than proportionately with the number of users (Spencer, "Hacking McDonalds" 6). Of all the other factors contributing to the large percent of online crimes, perhaps the most influential is the design structure of the Internet. Experts agree that the underlying structure with no central hub, where each computer is equally powerful, gives unchecked power to the undeserving (Spencer, "Stranglehold" 8). The design also makes controlling the frequency of break-ins almost impossible as well. Both politicians and so-called 'experts' believe the Internet as a whole will be regulated

Should You Really Go to College Out of State Pros and Cons

Should You Really Go to College Out of State Pros and Cons SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips One of the most important decisions you'll make in the college research process is where in the country to focus your search. Going to school out of state has its benefits, but is an out-of-state college the right choice for you? In this article, I’ll give you the general pros and cons of attending an out-of-state college and provide some guidance on whether you should apply. What’s the Difference Between Out-of-State and In-State Colleges? Out-of-state colleges differ from in-state colleges mainly in the fact that they’re, well, not in your home state.The term â€Å"in-state colleges† is primarily used to refer to public universities in your home state because this usually means a lower tuition price tag.For private colleges, in-state and out-of-state tuition are usually the same.The two main qualities that differentiate out-of-state colleges from in-state colleges are that out-of-state colleges are farther away from your hometown and more expensive than in-state colleges. Pros and Cons of Out-of-State Colleges Pros You’ll be able to explore a new area and get outside your comfort zone. You’ll meet more people from different backgrounds and be more incentivized to make new friends. You’ll have more independence and get a feel for what it’s like to live on your own. Tons of choices! If you’re open to attending college out of state, you’ll have a huge range of different types of schools to choose from and won’t be limited by what your state offers. Cons You'll pay a higher tuition price for an out-of-state college than you would for an in-state public university. You’ll miss out on any savings you might get from living at home and commuting to an in-state school. You’ll be further away from home, so you won’t be able to rely on your family for support as muchor see your old friends as often. You might feel isolated or lonely in an unfamiliar place. Should You Go to an Out-of-State College? Is an out-of-state college right for you? There’s a couple of personal factors you should consider now that you understand the general positives and negatives. First, how important is the cost of college to you and your family?Out-of-state tuition is usually pricier than in-state tuition. The average tuition price is $9,139 for in-state students and $22,958 for out-of-state students (both at public colleges).If you plan on attending a private college, however, in state and out-of-state tuition rates will be more similar.Discuss financing college with your family and do some research. To reduce your student debt, you may decide that an in-statepubliccollegeis the bestoption. You should also ask yourself how far from home you want to be for college.Some students deal with the transition from high school to college better than others, and it can be tough to be in an unfamiliar place without access to your usual support system.During other times of change in your life, such as switching to a new school or moving to a new town, did you adapt well or did you struggle?This should give you clues as to how you might deal with settling into a new environment in college.If you think you’ll be all too happy to be away from your family and start meeting new people, you may thrive at an out-of-state school where you can re-establish your identity. Dye your hair purple, get a mohawk, and never look back. Researching Out-of-State Colleges If you want to attend an out-of-state college, you have a lot of options to sift through.The next thing to think about is whether you want attend a public or private college and if you’re interested in a specific area of the country.There are manycollege search resources online that will help you narrow down your search.You can also look at thisguide to choosing a college to get ideas on what other questions to ask yourself about your preferences. Try signing up for a profile on Cappex, which will give you the opportunity to identify your preferences on location, size, and other factors. It will also ask you to share your academic statistics so you can find out your chances of admission at different schools.You’ll be matched up with colleges that fit your criteria, or you can search for schools by name if you have some in mind.Each school has a full profile that lists relevant statistics and facts about campus life. If you’re interested in a school, add it to your running list of options and compare it with other colleges to see how it measures up.In your profile, you can specify how far away from home you want to be so that you’ll only get recommendations for out-of-state schools. Summary Out-of-state schools may be right for you if you're looking for new experiences and some distance from your hometown.If you think you want to attend school out of state, you’ll have a huge variety of colleges to choose from that each possess many different qualities that may make or break your experience. Depending on how important cost and proximity to your hometown are for you, you may or may not decide that out-of-state schools are the best choice.Get started researching schools now so that you can start narrowing down your options! What's Next? How much does it really cost to go to college? Learn about the financial realities of attending college in this article. If you plan on attending an out-of-state college, you'll be choosing between schools that come in a variety of sizes. Read this article to learn whether you're better suited to a large or small college environment.For more specific information on small colleges and what they're like, take a look at this article. Thinking about applying to some of the most selective schools in the country? Check out this guide on how to get into Ivy League and other highly competitive colleges. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Strategic marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Strategic marketing - Essay Example The researcher of this essay aims to analyze ‘Caffeine Light Dry Cider’ of Strongbow, that might be promoted with the help of intensive distribution systems such as wholesalers and retailers. In addition, the availability of ‘Caffeine Light Dry Cider’ might also increase resulting in augmentation of the corporate image of Strongbow. ‘Caffeine Light Dry Cider’ is one of the premium drinks introduced by Strongbow for its female customers in order to offer them a revitalizing beverage. In order to enhance the position of ‘Caffeine Light Dry Cider’, Strongbow might utilize push and pull strategy resulting in augmentation of its market demand. Other than this, Strongbow might also utilize varied other advertising sources such as television, magazines, media, internet to increase the awareness of the customers towards the new product. Moreover, Strongbow might also sponsor varied fashion events and cricket matches in order to enhance the consciousness of the citizens. It might further help in enhancing the allegiance resulting in amplification of the efficiency of Strongbow in the market of Australia. In addition, Strongbow might introduce ‘Caffeine Light Dry Cider’ in bottles, tin cans, and stainless steel casks or kegs in order to attract more customers from the young generation. This might help Strongbow to augment its effectiveness and steadiness among other leading players of the similar sector. Moreover, it might also facilitate Strongbow to augment its total sales and revenue.... eover, as the brand is available at a cheaper rate, it can also be offered to all income groups which signify another important factor for its growth and expansion across the globe. Similarly, it can also be offered to both the genders, i.e. males and females. Targeting Strongbow is targeted towards young generation female customers as it is an alcoholic drink which is learnt to offer a sense of refreshment. For this reason, the female segment of the society also tends to prefer the drink as it provides enjoyment and stimulation after the entire day of hardship. Moreover, it can be targeted to both occasional as well as regular users in order to increase its fidelity in the market. Positioning Strongbow is mainly preferred by the young generation of the society. Moreover, as it includes an apple flavor so it is also perceived as an energizing drink. For this reason, the demand for Strongbow dry cider enhanced to a rapid extent in the market of Australia. Product strategies Strongbow is one of the brands which is learnt to always attempt offering extensive concentration over research and development initiatives in order to introduce inventive products for its customers. It is recognized as one of the strengths of the brand which might facilitate it to sustain in this era of competitiveness. This particular strategic measure can significantly assist it to enhance its market share and brand distinctiveness over other market competitors. It might also help to reduce the business risks resulting in augmentation of profit margin. For this reason, Strongbow initiated a new product named ‘Caffeine Light Dry Cider’ mainly for the female customers in order to enhance their reliance and loyalty over the brand. The prime objective behind this strategy is to establish itself as

The Impact of the slave trade on western ideas of race has been Essay

The Impact of the slave trade on western ideas of race has been misunderstood - Essay Example A new trend developed once Europeans were travelling around the world, engaging in what they termed voyages of discovery. In many cases Christianity accompanied trade and conquest. Christianity adapted to local circumstances, in what is known as syncretism, and was backed by military force and commercial development. European sailors who have long been praised as discovering Africa, extending the scope of the known world, were in fact at the same time engaging in the African slave trade. Africa did not need to be discovered. It housed many mature civilizations, with complex economies and political systems. In 960, slavery was banned in Venice. On occasion enslavement of Englishmen was prohibited, while the French or Welsh could still be enslaved. In Italy, Spain and France, there came a time when slavery was no longer naturally viable. The change came later in England, after the Norman Conquest, but before 1200. The story was different in Southern Europe, bordering the Mediterranean, with wars between Christians and Muslims routinely accompanied by enslavement. In 1300 there were 30,000 Christian slaves in Granada. Islamic laws included benign treatment of slaves. ... There was a busy trade on the southern coast of the Mediterranean. Details are hazy, but Arab slave traders served a global market, with particular tastes such as black eunuchs. The black slaves were the more preferred ones. The blacks were well built and strong and used to do difficult tasks with ease and most importantly they don't ask questions. Christians have traditionally believed that their service to God provided the basis for their freedom and citizenship. This has led to a stress on obeying rules, and taking vows of obedience. This approach to service was undertaken by free will, and sometimes discussed in terms of enslavement. It contrasts with the horrors of chattel slavery, which were kept from the attention of the European population. Slavery and states' rights were divisive issues leading to the American Civil War. Principled positions came later. Pragmatism was dominant. Abraham Lincoln was committed to doing whatever was necessary to save the Union, and concluded that slavery had to be abolished. Following the Civil War, the period of Reconstruction showed that the attitudes, which had underpinned slavery, had not been destroyed through war. Racial prejudice continued. Britain abolished slavery in 1833, taking effect in 1838, but did not achieve the universal adult franchise until the twentieth century. Access to power was controlled. Social class, less visible than skin colour, remains a determining factor. One legacy of the former British Empire has been the flow of immigrants, descended from former slaves, or from the countries from which the slaves were taken. History is ever present. After the Second World War, European colonial powers like Britain had a labour shortage. They turned to

Using Exposure Therapy to treat Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in Research Paper

Using Exposure Therapy to treat Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in adults survivors of child-hood abuse - Research Paper Example Exposure therapy relieves an individual to a greater extent from the psycho-social, interpersonal and professional impairments. The most methodologically strong studies manifest that psychotherapy along with exposure therapy bring rewarding outcomes (Robertson, 2004). Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is related with considerable indicative morbidity. These individuals exhibit elevated levels of offensive thoughts or memoirs about the traumatic event with severe nightmarish. They do have flashbacks. Mere reminders may be perceived in the form of physical responses like amplified heart rate, profuse sweating or distress (Robertson, 2004). Individuals with terrible or appalling experience in childhood are severely affected. PTSD individuals display avoidance symptoms, they avoid socialization or visit to places that bring those harsh memories back, they feel isolated and secluded. These beliefs if not treated within time then it may become devastating and adulthood of child either becomes rebellious or behaviour may culminate into a psychotic disorders with great intensity of insecurity being seeded in every pursuit of life (Keane, 2002). It is essential to understand the psychology of PTSD individuals. Various psychological theories have been postulated claiming to be the remedy for PTSD, but the most efficient is "Exposure Therapy". It treats the individual through alteration or modification in behaviour by enabling them to overcome the disturbing thoughts or distressing incidence (Keane, 2002). Exposure therapy aims at enabling a person to diminish his/ her trepidations and apprehensions by means of eradicating avoidance behaviour. It deals with the confrontation of an individual with the same set of feelings or situations that he fears without avoiding them. This may be done by unswervingly exposing someone to a terrified entity or picture or going back in time to envisage

Replica System in Distributed File Sharing Environments

Replica System in Distributed File Sharing Environments AN EFFECTIVE FRAMEWORK FOR MANAGING REPLICA SYSTEM IN DISTRIBUTED FILE SHARING ENVIRONMENTS Tesmy K Jose,  Ã‚  Dr.V.Ulagamuthalvi Abstract-An Enhanced file system called Probabilistic File Share System is used to resolve all the distributed file update issues. There are three mechanisms designed in the probabilistic file share system such as Lazy Adaptive Synchronization Approach, Standard Replica System Replay Approach and Probabilistic method. The adaptive replica synchronization and Standard Replica System Replay approaches are implemented among the Storage Servers (SSs) and it makes the Meta Data Server (MDS) free from replica synchronization. Furthermore, a probabilistic control system is deployed into the proposed work in order to managing replicas replacement, overloading and their failures where the system can be measure the possibilities of every replicas replacement, overloading and failures level according their communication overhead and physical information. If the communication overhead or physical failure probability is high then the replica system replaced from replicas environment as well as se nds the notification message to its neighbor replicas with the failure system details. Keywords- Metadata Server, Lazy Adaptive Synchronization, Standard Replica System Replay, Probabilistic Control System. 1. Introduction As the volume of digital data grows, reliable, low-cost storage systems that do not compromise on access performance are increasingly important. A number of storage systems (e.g., libraries, tape and optical jukeboxes) provide high reliability coupled with low I/O throughput. However, as throughput requirements grow, using high-end components leads to increasingly costly systems. In general, the client contacts the metadata server (MDS), which handles all the properties of the whole file system, to get the authorization to work on the file and the information of the file’s layout. Then, the client accesses the corresponding storage servers (SSs), which handle the file data management on storage machines, to execute the actual file I/O operations after parsing the layout information obtained from the MDS. A number of existing distributed storage systems (e.g., cluster-based and peer-to-peer storage systems) attempt to offer cost-effective, reliable data stores on top of unrelia ble, commodity or even donated storage components. To tolerate failures of individual nodes, these systems use data redundancy through replication or erasure coding. This approach faces two problems. First, regardless of the redundancy level used, there is always a non-zero probability of a burst of correlated permanent failures up to the redundancy level used; hence the possibility of permanently losing data always exists. Second, data loss probability increases with the data volume stored when all other characteristics of the system are kept constant One of disadvantage of clusters is that programs must be grouped to run on multiple equipments, and it is difficult for these grouped programs to cooperate or distribute resources. Perhaps the most significant such resource is the file system. In the absence of a cluster file system, individual components of a grouped program must share cluster storage in an unplanned manner. This typically complicates programming, restricts performance, and compromises reliability. Also, the Meta Data Server is responsible for handling all the information about chunk replicas and generating replica synchronization when one of the storage servers has been updated. However, saving the recently written data to the disk becomes a blockage to the whole file system because all other threads need to remain until the synchronous flush-and sync procedure started by one of the SSs is completed. A Probabilistic File Share System is proposed to resolve the abovementioned issues. It is used to support lazy and adaptive replica synchronization with replica replacement management among the SSs and make the MDS free from replica synchronization and failure maintenance. 2. Literature Survey Different types of distributed file system supports chunk replication for reliability and produce high data bandwidth as same as similar replica synchronization mechanisms. A class of file system extends the traditional file server architecture to a storage area network (SAN) environment which allows the file server to access data directly from the disk through (SAN). Examples of SAN file system are IBM/Tivoli SANergy and Veritas SAN Point Direct [8,9]. GPFS allows chunk replication by partitioning space for multiple copies of each data chunk on the different Storage Servers and updates to all locations synchronously. Before the completion of write operation, GPFS used to follow the updates of chunk replicas which files had updated on the primary SSs and then updates other replicas[7].Ceph also had similar replica synchronization policy, i.e., the newly written data should be applied to all replicas stored on the different Storage Servers[5]. In the Hadoop file system, the replicated chunks are stored on the Storage Servers. Storage Server’s list will contains copies of any stripe produced and managed by Metadata Server. So, the Metadata Server handles the replicas synchronization and if new data written on any of the replicas,it will be triggered [4]. In GFS, the Metadata Server computes the location and data layout among the various chunk servers. Every chunk is replicated on multiple chunk servers and the replica synchronization is done by Metadata server (MDS) [6]. In Lustre file system, which is the parallel file system has a same chunk called replication mechanism [10]. The researchers are successively presented MinCopysets and Copysets replication techniques to enhance data durability (i.e., data loss) during retain the benefits of randomized load balancing by using derandomized replicas placement policy. However, researchers didn’t enclose the algorithm of replica synchronization and replica replacement [3,2]. 3. Proposed System 3.1 Probabilistic File Shared System Architecture The probabilistic file share system copy and give out the locations of all replicas belonging to the same file chunk to the Storage Servers (SSs) where the replicas are stored. Fig. 1 shows the architecture of probabilistic file share system. The probabilistic control system is organized to calculate the failure rate of every replica in the probabilistic file share system environment. To calculate the failure rate of replicas, our system examine each replicas for communication overhead and also obtains the CPU and memory utilization. By this our proposed system maintains better data consistency in the distributed file shared environment. Fig. 1 Probabilistic File Share System Architecture 3.2 Data Updating Fig. 2: Adaptive Synchronization Approach In the case of processing a write request, the probabilistic file share system use the mechanism of lazy replica synchronization. This probabilistic system firstly completes the write operation and each update process in probabilistic file share system storage is replicated using adaptive replica synchronization. Here adaptive replica synchronization approach is used to copy the each modification in a storage management of distributed file system where primary replica updates the result into replica n and passes the acknowledgement into primary replica. 3.3 System Crash Handling The probabilistic file share system adopts a deferred replica synchronization mechanism for reconstructing the lost file updates. i.e., it allows only the primary Storage Server to manage the latest data snapshot for reducing write latency and the synchronous process of replica to other SSs will be conducted along the timeline. The Meta Data Server buffers ascertain the latest write requests in the memory; when the number of cached requests is larger than a predefined threshold, the MDS is supposed to direct SSs to perform regular replica synchronization, so that the cached requests can be removed from the memory. 3.4 SS’s Failure and Replacement The proposed file sharing system arranged in a probabilistic control system that examine the system details and every replica communication. The probabilistic control system keeps a replacement list to store the system details such as CPU utilization, Memory Utilization and etc. By using the abovementioned information, the probabilistic control system measures the failure rate for each replica. If the communication overhead or physical failure probability is high then the replica system replaced from replicas environment as well as sends the notification message to its neighbor replicas with the failure system details. Figure 3: Illustrated of Probabilistic Control System The Figure 3 shows the illustrated replica replacement management process. The following function is used to measure the failure rate of replica: 5. Conclusion This research work proposed a new probabilistic file share system. The modified lazy adaptive synchronization approach successfully updates the data in the Storage Servers. This approach will take less I/O execution time, computation and storage compared to other approaches. The standard replica system replay approach can well handle the crashes of Storage Servers and can improve the lost data. At last, a probabilistic control system is positioned in the new probabilistic file share system. The replica failure calculation and their replacement management are extremely directed by the probabilistic control system.

tellectual Life of the Painters of the Early Renaissance :: History

Intellectual Life of the Painters of the Early Renaissance Before attempting to answer the question it is important to consider what we mean by ‘early Italian Renaissance. Unlike many periods in history the Renaissance has no obvious start and end dates, for the purposes of this assignment I will define the approximate period within which to look as about 1390 to about 1520. 1390 represents the time when the Carrara court in Padua was gaining an intellectual reputation of excellence, as well as this being about the time that two Roman coin like medals were cast of Francesco II and his father. This represents a typically renaissance trait of looking to antiquities for inspiration, as will be discussed later. The time around 1520 represents when Raphael died this was followed closely by the death of Pope Leo X, the second High Renaissance pope. It is after their deaths that the creative and optimistic mood in Italy began to fade. The decade ending 1520 saw Leonardo da Vinci leaving for France and then dieing there in 1519. There are many other examples that could confirm these dates as significant, and also many more that would dispute them, but for the purposes of simplicity we will take these as a guide. In the beginnings of the Renaissance painting was seen very much as a craft performed by members of the artisan class and not a ‘liberal art’. In fact the term artist was not used, as it is today, as a general term meaning painter and sculptor. ‘Artista’ was a term already in use by Dante, but it was used in reference to a University level graduate of the ‘liberal arts’, it is not until the beginning of the sixteenth century that it is used in a context resembling today's usage. The lower status of painting at the beginning of the Renaissance is reflected in the fact that members of the aristocracy or learned class did not generally practice it. A member of the Milanese aristocracy, Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio’s epitaph stressed that although he was a painter, he was an amateur, because if it were thought that he made his living from painting it would significantly lower his social status. It is for this reason that few people in the early Renaissance would see painting as a method of social advancement or to demonstrate intellectual ability. This did not however stop many